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  • Recent head or neck injury;

  • Recent surgery;

  • A history of thrombosis or embolism: the client should speak with their doctor;

  • Very high or low blood pressure;

  • Recent hemorrhage or excessive bleeding;

  • Nervous system disorders (polio, meningitis, MS, encephalitis);

  • Severe localized bruising;

  • Localized open cuts or wounds on the upper back, neck, head or face;

  • History of seizures or convulsions;

  • Contagious skin disorders and infections;

  • Active cancer.

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